1st lecture Historical development of polymer chemistry, definition, distribution, nomenclature. Definition of the polymers (construction units, monomers, oligomers, degree of polymerization, linear, branched, netted, grafted, tacticity, configuration, conformation), the chronology of discoveries of polymers, the current trends. Production development, economic advantageousness, examples of top applications. Distribution of polymers (natural, synthetic, inorganic, organic, thermoplastics, thermosets, elastomers, liquid polymers, nomenclature and abbreviations of polymers, the main Czech standards. 2nd lecture Synthesis of macromolecular substances. Thermodynamic assumptions, homogeneous and heterogeneous polymerization (gaseous, precipitation, suspension, emulsion). Polymerization - radical, ionic, polycondensation, polyaddition, coordination, open circle, special. 3rd lecture Radical polymerization. Initiation, growth, termination, chain transfer, kinetics, methods of polymerization monitoring, copolymerization. 4th lecture Ionic polymerization. Mechanism and kinetics of stoichiometric ionic polymerization. Anionic polymerization (initiators, activators, solvents, initiation, growth, termination, utilization). Cationic polymerization (initiators, catalysts, growth, chain transfer, growth interruption, termination, examples of utilization). 5th lecture Polycondensation Principle, the basic scheme, aspects, distribution according to the type of monomer. Structure impact on parental materials (monomer functionality, the tendency to form cycles). The mechanism (monomer ratio influence, activation energy, the conditions for achieving a high degree of polymerization and polymer yield). Mathematical relations (equilibrium constant, conversion, degree of polymerization). Examples of technically important polycondensation (polyesters, polyamides, polycarbonates, polyphenylene sulphide, phenoplasts, aminoplasts, silicones, polyimides). 6th lecture Polyaddition Principle and the main aspects. Isocyanate reaction , epoxy compound reaction, polyaddition reaction of formaldehyde. 7th lecture Polymerization by opening ring. Principle. Hydrolytic lactam polymerization, anionic lactam polymerization. Polymerization of cyclic ethers (ethylene oxide, tetrahydrofuran, trioxan). 8th lecture Coordination polymerization. Principle, mechanism, kinetics. Polymerization dihalogen, diazomethane, pyrolytic polymerization of xylene. 9th lecture Molecular behavior - Polymer solutions. Mean values of molecular weight and degrees of polymerization, distribution curves, methods of measurement. Form of macromolecules (Gaussian ball, free to rotate chain with fixed valence angle, chain with hindered rotation, conformation in solution, gyration radius). Polymer thermodynamics(Flory-Huggins equation, excluded volume, equivalent sphere, linear macromolecule viscosity, Mark-Houwing equation, non-newtonian behavior, colligative properties of polymer solution). 10th lecture Supramolecular behavior, crystallinity Basic morphological units (amorphous, lamellae, dendrites, fibrils, spherolits, fibrous and globular structures). Macromolecule stores in fibrils, in extended fibrils, spiral structure (proteins). Crystallinity and its measurement (density - flotation method, X-ray diffraction, calorimetry, dilatometry). 11th lecture Mechanical properties of polymers. Linear behavior (Hooke's law, tensile strength, bending stregth, compressive strength, relaxation, creep). Nonlinear behavior (Maxwell model and Voight model for creep). Time-temperature superposition, temperature dependence of the module and strength, Tg. Types of polymers according to strength, hysteresis losses. 12th lecture Raw material basis. Oil as a source of chemicals for polymers, a comparison of energy consumption for production of plastics, metals, etc.
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