Práce se zabývá problematikou terorismu v turistickém ruchu, konkrétně v Egyptě. Práce staví na aktuálním výzkumu v oblasti antropologie turismu a terorismu. Pomocí etnografické metody zkoumá vliv teroristického útoku, známého jako Luxorský masakr 1997, na místní komunitu pracovníků v cestovním ruchu.
Anotace v angličtině
This thesis deals with the phenomenon of terrorism in tourism, precisely in Egypt. The thesis is based on the research within the field of anthropology of tourism and anthropology of terrorism. Using the ethnographic method, it researches the influence of the terrorist attack, known as the Luxor Massacre of 1997, on the local community of the tourism workers.
Klíčová slova
terrorismus, cestovní ruch, Luxor, Egypt
Klíčová slova v angličtině
terrorism, tourism, Luxor, Egypt
Rozsah průvodní práce
140
Jazyk
CZ
Anotace
Práce se zabývá problematikou terorismu v turistickém ruchu, konkrétně v Egyptě. Práce staví na aktuálním výzkumu v oblasti antropologie turismu a terorismu. Pomocí etnografické metody zkoumá vliv teroristického útoku, známého jako Luxorský masakr 1997, na místní komunitu pracovníků v cestovním ruchu.
Anotace v angličtině
This thesis deals with the phenomenon of terrorism in tourism, precisely in Egypt. The thesis is based on the research within the field of anthropology of tourism and anthropology of terrorism. Using the ethnographic method, it researches the influence of the terrorist attack, known as the Luxor Massacre of 1997, on the local community of the tourism workers.
Klíčová slova
terrorismus, cestovní ruch, Luxor, Egypt
Klíčová slova v angličtině
terrorism, tourism, Luxor, Egypt
Zásady pro vypracování
Home to the some of the most significant historic sites dating back to the antiquity, Egypt has continually been sought after as a holiday destination since the late 19th century. The rise of Islamism after 1979 gave way to violence which, among other, made its way into the tourism sector. The rise of Islamic militant groups which attempted to topple the authoritarian governments of Egyptian presidents Nasser, Sadat and Mubarak, had a profound influence on the incoming tourism in Egypt. According to Sonmez (1998), there were up to 120 attacks carried out against tourists in only three years (1992-1995), most of them conducted by Al Gama’at al Islamiyya (Islamic Group, IG). While Egypt suffered a blow to its tourism with decrease in arrivals by 22% (Wahab 1996), there was a greater blow to be dealt in the year 1997 when 67 tourists perish during so-called Luxor Massacre, leading to 90% decrease of tourism arrival in the following year (Cavlek, 2002). The attacks did not cease even when IG renounced violence in 2003. The tourists were attacked in Cairo, Hurghada, Sharm el-Shaikh and other tourist destinations in the first decade of the new millennium as well. The attacks on tourism thus had altogether negative, sometimes even paralyzing effect on Egyptian economy where tourism constitutes of over 10 percent of GDP and provides jobs for over 11 percent of overall workforce. Each of the attacks in which tourists perished got attention and sparked debates in Egyptian society and continue to do so even years after the attacks.
Zásady pro vypracování
Home to the some of the most significant historic sites dating back to the antiquity, Egypt has continually been sought after as a holiday destination since the late 19th century. The rise of Islamism after 1979 gave way to violence which, among other, made its way into the tourism sector. The rise of Islamic militant groups which attempted to topple the authoritarian governments of Egyptian presidents Nasser, Sadat and Mubarak, had a profound influence on the incoming tourism in Egypt. According to Sonmez (1998), there were up to 120 attacks carried out against tourists in only three years (1992-1995), most of them conducted by Al Gama’at al Islamiyya (Islamic Group, IG). While Egypt suffered a blow to its tourism with decrease in arrivals by 22% (Wahab 1996), there was a greater blow to be dealt in the year 1997 when 67 tourists perish during so-called Luxor Massacre, leading to 90% decrease of tourism arrival in the following year (Cavlek, 2002). The attacks did not cease even when IG renounced violence in 2003. The tourists were attacked in Cairo, Hurghada, Sharm el-Shaikh and other tourist destinations in the first decade of the new millennium as well. The attacks on tourism thus had altogether negative, sometimes even paralyzing effect on Egyptian economy where tourism constitutes of over 10 percent of GDP and provides jobs for over 11 percent of overall workforce. Each of the attacks in which tourists perished got attention and sparked debates in Egyptian society and continue to do so even years after the attacks.
Seznam doporučené literatury
Ashworth, G. J. (2008). The Memorialization of Violence and Tragedy: Human Trauma as Heritage. In Graham B. and Howard, P. The Ashgate Research Companion to Heritage and Identity. Hampshire: Ashgate Publishing, Ltd, 231-244.
Bourdieu, P. (1988). Homo academicus. Stanford University Press.
Cohen, E. (1988). Authenticity and commoditization in tourism. Annals of tourism research, 15(3), 371-386.
Cohen, E. (1985). The tourist guide: The origins, structure and dynamics of a role. Annals of Tourism Research, 12(1), 5-29.
Evans-Pritchard, D. (1989). "How "they” see "us”. Native American images of tourists. Annals of Tourism Research 8(1), 432-446.
Fairclough, N. L. (1985). Critical and descriptive goals in discourse analysis. Journal of pragmatics, 9(6), 739-763.
Faraj, M.A. (1986). al-Farida al-gha’iba. transl. J. Jansen, The Neglected Duty. New York.
Fetterman, D. (2010). Ethnography: Step by Step. Thousand Oaks: Sage.
Foucault, M. (1963). Naissance de la Clinique: une archéologie du regard medical. Presses universitaires de France.
Foucault, M. (1969). The Archeology of Knowledge.
Geertz, C. (2000). Interpretace kultur. Praha: SLON.
Graburn, N. H. (1977). Tourism: Sacred Journey. Hosts and Guests: The anthropology of tourism. Oxford: Blackwell.
Harvey, D. (2003). Accumulation by dispossession. In Harvey, D. (Ed.). The New Imperialism. Oxford University Press.
Holý, L. & Stuchlík, M. (1964). Co je a co není etnografie. Český lid, 228-233.
Horgan, J. and Boyle, M. J. (2008). A case against ‘Critical Terrorism Studies’. Critical Studies on Terrorism, 1(1), 51-64.
Jackson, R. & Smyth, M. B. (2009). Critical terrorism studies: framing a new research agenda. In Jackson, R. (Ed.), Critical Terrorism Studies: A New Research Agenda, 230-250. Routledge.
Lavie, S. & Swedenburg, T. (1996). Introduction: Displacement, Diaspora, and Geographie of Identity. In Lavie, S. & Swedenburg, T. (Eds.), Displacement, Diaspora, and Geographies of Identity. Durham and London: Duke University Press, 157-179.
MacCannell, D. (1973). Staged authenticity: Arrangements of social space in tourist settings. American journal of Sociology, 79(3), 589-603.
Maoz, D. (2006). The Mutual Gaze. Annuals of Tourism Research, 33(1), 221-239.
Nash, D. (1977). Tourism as a form of imperialism. Hosts and Guests: The Anthropology of Tourism. Oxford: Blackwell.
Shepherd, R. (2002). Commodification, culture and tourism. Tourist studies 2(2), 183-201.
Simoni, V. & Mc Cabe, S. (2008). From ethnographers to tourists and back again. On positioning issues in the anthropology of tourism. Civilisations. Revue international d’anthropologie et de science humaines 57, 173-189.
Urry, J. (2002). The tourist gaze. Sage.
Urry, J. and Larsen, J. (2011). The Tourist Gaze 3.0. 3rd ed. London: SAGE Publications Ltd.
Wacquant, L. J. & Bourdieu, P. (1992). And invitation to reflexive sociology. Cambridge: Polity.
Weimann, G. and Winn, C. (1994). The Theater of Terror: Mass Media and International Terrorism. White Plains NY: Longman.
Seznam doporučené literatury
Ashworth, G. J. (2008). The Memorialization of Violence and Tragedy: Human Trauma as Heritage. In Graham B. and Howard, P. The Ashgate Research Companion to Heritage and Identity. Hampshire: Ashgate Publishing, Ltd, 231-244.
Bourdieu, P. (1988). Homo academicus. Stanford University Press.
Cohen, E. (1988). Authenticity and commoditization in tourism. Annals of tourism research, 15(3), 371-386.
Cohen, E. (1985). The tourist guide: The origins, structure and dynamics of a role. Annals of Tourism Research, 12(1), 5-29.
Evans-Pritchard, D. (1989). "How "they” see "us”. Native American images of tourists. Annals of Tourism Research 8(1), 432-446.
Fairclough, N. L. (1985). Critical and descriptive goals in discourse analysis. Journal of pragmatics, 9(6), 739-763.
Faraj, M.A. (1986). al-Farida al-gha’iba. transl. J. Jansen, The Neglected Duty. New York.
Fetterman, D. (2010). Ethnography: Step by Step. Thousand Oaks: Sage.
Foucault, M. (1963). Naissance de la Clinique: une archéologie du regard medical. Presses universitaires de France.
Foucault, M. (1969). The Archeology of Knowledge.
Geertz, C. (2000). Interpretace kultur. Praha: SLON.
Graburn, N. H. (1977). Tourism: Sacred Journey. Hosts and Guests: The anthropology of tourism. Oxford: Blackwell.
Harvey, D. (2003). Accumulation by dispossession. In Harvey, D. (Ed.). The New Imperialism. Oxford University Press.
Holý, L. & Stuchlík, M. (1964). Co je a co není etnografie. Český lid, 228-233.
Horgan, J. and Boyle, M. J. (2008). A case against ‘Critical Terrorism Studies’. Critical Studies on Terrorism, 1(1), 51-64.
Jackson, R. & Smyth, M. B. (2009). Critical terrorism studies: framing a new research agenda. In Jackson, R. (Ed.), Critical Terrorism Studies: A New Research Agenda, 230-250. Routledge.
Lavie, S. & Swedenburg, T. (1996). Introduction: Displacement, Diaspora, and Geographie of Identity. In Lavie, S. & Swedenburg, T. (Eds.), Displacement, Diaspora, and Geographies of Identity. Durham and London: Duke University Press, 157-179.
MacCannell, D. (1973). Staged authenticity: Arrangements of social space in tourist settings. American journal of Sociology, 79(3), 589-603.
Maoz, D. (2006). The Mutual Gaze. Annuals of Tourism Research, 33(1), 221-239.
Nash, D. (1977). Tourism as a form of imperialism. Hosts and Guests: The Anthropology of Tourism. Oxford: Blackwell.
Shepherd, R. (2002). Commodification, culture and tourism. Tourist studies 2(2), 183-201.
Simoni, V. & Mc Cabe, S. (2008). From ethnographers to tourists and back again. On positioning issues in the anthropology of tourism. Civilisations. Revue international d’anthropologie et de science humaines 57, 173-189.
Urry, J. (2002). The tourist gaze. Sage.
Urry, J. and Larsen, J. (2011). The Tourist Gaze 3.0. 3rd ed. London: SAGE Publications Ltd.
Wacquant, L. J. & Bourdieu, P. (1992). And invitation to reflexive sociology. Cambridge: Polity.
Weimann, G. and Winn, C. (1994). The Theater of Terror: Mass Media and International Terrorism. White Plains NY: Longman.